Optimal allocation of medium-voltage distributed generation under uncertain load conditions

Abstract

Electric power distribution systems expand continuously and grow increasingly complex due to factors such as population growth, industrial development, and unpredictable energy demand. Integrating renewable sources into the power grid meets this demand and reduces losses, although challenges like voltage variation can limit system performance. This study investigates the integration of distributed generation (DG) in medium-voltage distribution systems under load uncertainty. A metaheuristic approach applies the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) to the IEEE 123-bus system to address operational challenges. The WOA improves the allocation of generation sources, ensuring more efficient, robust, and sustainable DG integration into distribution networks. The results indicate a clear predominance of bus #77 for DG placement, with the algorithm selecting this bus with a 99.98% probability even under significant load variations. These findings confirm the robustness of the proposed approach, demonstrating that bus #77 remains the optimal location for DG placement despite changes in feeder operational performance metrics.